Exhaustive family tree for birds shows recent, rapid diversification ...

A Yale-led scientific team has produced the most comprehensive family tree for birds to date, connecting all living bird species ? nearly 10,000 in total ? and revealing surprising new details about their evolutionary history and its geographic context. Analysis of the family tree shows when and where birds diversified...


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Constantine Alexander's Blog was launched to share with you international wildlife news, exciting environmental research activities, political action or inaction, and what each of us can do to ensure that the wisdom of nature endures for the benefit of us all as we are mere caretakers of nature for future generations of all species which have a right to thrive in and contribute to a healthy and beautiful world.

Source: http://sierraactivist.org/2012/11/01/exhaustive-family-tree-for-birds-shows-recent-rapid-diversification/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=exhaustive-family-tree-for-birds-shows-recent-rapid-diversification

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Plaintiffs in Playstation Data Security Class Action ... - The Legal Pulse

One of the hallmarks of frivolous litigation is a class composed of arguably uninjured plaintiffs who often receive little in the way of remuneration for the asserted wrong.? That remuneration is reserved for the lawyers, and the class is thus relegated to receiving coupons or promises to refrain from future behavior.? Where the plaintiffs have not endured any real harm, litigation merely burdens the docket while enriching plaintiffs? lawyers.? However, a recent opinion in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California may bode well for defendants who encounter this type of litigation, particularly in data breach cases.

In an order for In re: Sony Gaming Networks, the district court granted leave for plaintiffs to amend their complaint after determining that they had not satisfied the burden of pleading a cognizable injury.? This opinion adds to case-law saying the same; in 2011, another California court dismissed some of the claims against Google for its data collection under the Google Street View program due to the plaintiffs? lack of monetary damages.

In In re: Sony Gaming Networks, the plaintiffs filed suit after a security breach compromised the plaintiffs? personal data stored through the Playstation network.? Sony offered reparation in the form of free identity theft protection services, free downloads, and other complimentary online services?reparations that fit the harm.? Believing that this wasn?t enough, numerous plaintiffs filed suit based on their purported fear of future identity theft and their loss of use and value of their Playstation (following the security breach, Sony?s temporarily suspended some of its services) (the agony!).? Notably, only two of the named plaintiffs alleged they had experienced an actual loss due to the data breach.? Even then, neither could show that they were required to pay out-of-pocket for the fraudulent charges.

As a constitutional matter, the court determined that threat of future harm is a ?cognizable loss sufficient to satisfy Article III standing.?? Nonetheless, the court determined that the plaintiffs? claims could not stand under state common law, as California negligence law requires ?appreciable, nonspeculative, present harm? as ?an essential element of negligence.?? Thus, the plaintiffs? fear of future identity theft or fraud was not sufficient to provide standing.? Additionally, plaintiffs? assertion that their reduced access to Sony services and the postponement of online services devalued their consoles failed because the plaintiffs could not prove that Sony had a legal duty to provide these services in the first place.? Finally, as a statutory matter, California?s Unfair Competition Law, False Advertising Law, and Consumers Legal Remedy Act require actual economic loss as an element of a plaintiff?s claim.

Whether or not this trend will continue depends on the elements of the law under which lawsuits are brought.? Nonetheless, the doctrine of standing exists to protect the proper role of courts and deter frivolous law suits.? When judges police standing, they ensure that only cases deserving of the time and resources of the court will be filed.

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Source: http://wlflegalpulse.com/2012/11/01/plaintiffs-in-playstation-data-security-class-action-back-to-the-drawing-board/

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CelebVillage: Jewel: To Spoil or Not to Spoil My Son?

In her blog for the iVillage series CelebVillage, Grammy-winning singer-songwriter Jewel, who recently released the children’s book and CD That’s What I’d Dowrites about the dilemma of giving her 15-month-old son Kase (with husband Ty Murray) too much -- and reflects on the lessons her own difficult childhood taught her.

Source: http://www.ivillage.com/jewel-blog-dilemma-spoiling-her-son/1-a-497932?dst=iv%3AiVillage%3Ajewel-blog-dilemma-spoiling-her-son-497932

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Judge allows R&B singer Chris Brown to do European tour

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/judge-allows-r-b-singer-chris-brown-european-231312314.html

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California Republican chairman will not run again to head party

LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - The chairman of the California Republican Party will not seek another term as leader of the organization in the country's most populous state, where rival Democrats increasingly dominate the state Legislature, a spokesman said on Thursday.

Tom Del Beccaro, who took over last year as chairman of the state Republican Party, said in a statement this week to supporters and provided to Reuters on Thursday that it was time "to pause from party politics."

"That doesn't mean that I will be leaving the cause - just joining a different phase that has always been a goal of mine," he said, adding he planned to complete two book projects.

The California Republican Party has struggled in recent years as the state long known for liberal politics has tilted more to the left. Del Beccaro's decision not to seek re-election at the party's convention in March raises more questions about which direction the party will take.

The state Republican Party has seen the percentage of California voters registered as Republicans decline to 30.1 percent in the most recent tally, from 36.8 percent in 1996, according to figures from the California Secretary of State's Office.

In taking over as state party chairman in March 2011, Del Beccaro said the party had fallen into the trap of "talking to the converted," according to an story in the San Francisco Chronicle.

"We've become the party of limited communication," he was quoted as saying.

Among the challenges for California Republicans in recent years has been how to connect with the state's growing Latino population during a heated national debate over immigration.

Del Beccaro will stay on until he is replaced at the convention in March.

(Reporting By Alex Dobuzinskis; Editing by Cynthia Johnston and Peter Cooney)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/california-republican-chairman-not-run-again-head-party-011052289.html

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Weak Prevnar vaccine, emerging market sales hit Pfizer

(Reuters) - Pfizer Inc reported on Thursday quarterly revenue well below Wall Street expectations, on disappointing sales of its Prevnar pediatric vaccine and a sharp pullback in emerging market revenue.

Results were also hurt by weaker-than-expected sales of Pfizer's Lipitor cholesterol fighter, which has been facing cheaper generics since late last year.

The largest U.S. drugmaker earned $3.21 billion, or 43 cents per share, in the third quarter. That compared with $3.74 billion, or 48 cents per share, in the year-earlier period, when the company recorded a $1.3 billion gain on the sale of its Capsugel business.

Excluding special items, Pfizer earned 53 cents per share, matching the average analyst forecast, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.

"Like many others in the third quarter, Pfizer was weak at the revenue line, missing (forecasts) by 5 percent," Jefferies and Co analyst Jeffrey Holford said.

"However, better-than-expected operational efficiencies in manufacturing and a lower-than-expected tax rate rescued earnings to an in-line result."

Global sales fell 16 percent to $13.98 billion, well below Wall Street expectations of $14.64 billion.

Revenue from emerging markets - countries whose fast-expanding economies are a mainstay for Pfizer growth - fell 2 percent to $2.39 billion as the stronger dollar cut into the value of sales. By contrast, emerging market sales had jumped 8 percent in the prior quarter.

Although Pfizer has hitched its future largely to sales in developing markets such as China, India, Eastern Europe and South America, sales are highly variable there because of fluctuating interest rates and a range of regional factors.

Sales of Prevnar 13 fell 14 percent to $868 million, while sales of its older Prevnar 7 vaccine dropped 17 percent to $81 million. The widely used vaccines, obtained through Pfizer's merger in 2009 with Wyeth, are now Pfizer's second-biggest-selling franchise.

Prevnar, used to prevent infection with pneumococcal bacteria that can cause pneumonia, ear infections and other problems, logged especially sharp declines in the United States and developed Europe because children had been vaccinated in prior months, Pfizer said. Moreover, Pfizer cited "minimal" demand by adults for the product.

Lipitor sales plunged 71 percent to $749 million. It had been the world's biggest drug until its U.S. patent lapsed in late November, opening the floodgates to cheaper generics.

(Reporting by Ransdell Pierson; Editing by Lisa Von Ahn, Gerald E. McCormick and Dale Hudson)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/pfizer-quarterly-revenue-fall-far-short-forecasts-111939186--finance.html

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Selecting The Best Health and fitness center For Y | Information

vitamin A deficiency Balancing your nutrition and obtaining appropriate nutrients all-around can help you look and feel far better. But before you get started with almost any nutrients-certain diet plan, first you need to learn a little more about the topic. Listed below you?ll locate some nourishment-dependent tips to help you out.

Vitamin

Tocopherols, which can be often called Vitamin E, are important to one?s diet regime. It can be employed being a signaling molecule from the physique, and also executing a vital serve as an anti-oxidant. It is actually typically present in grain germ, safflower oil, and sunflower natural oils. Tocotrienols, which can be within the identical family, are much better anti-oxidants, and therefore are seen in whole wheat germ and several nut products and cereals.

If you have troubles with pimples, ensure that you are receiving adequate vitamin A. This oil-dependent vitamin supplement is very helpful to the skin and such as Retinol, it are available in greasy sea food, dairy foods and liver. Within the Beta Carotene kind, Vitamin A can be obtained from colourful fruits and vegetables, specially natural leafy veggies like kale, parsley and spinach and orange fruit and vegetables like carrots, pumpkin and yams.

Be sure that you are getting sufficient Vitamin C in your food consumption. Vitamin C is important in fortifying your immunity process so your system can combat against infections properly. They have advantages in preventing heart disease and also the therapeutic of tissue personal injuries like uses up. Vitamin C promotes the generating of collagen, which can be crucial in pores and skin repair.

Be sure to get element of your everyday dose of nutritional D from your sun! Your epidermis in fact utilizes the sun rays from the direct sun light to synthesize this crucial vitamin supplement. Because of it so that you can make adequate by itself, obviously, you would need to reveal a large proportion of your body on the sun rays.

In summary, there is a lot of data on the web to examine and discover what is genuine. With any luck , you not only located this source beneficial, but you discovered something totally new about diet. Together with the recommendations supplied, plus some personal inspiration, you must not be considerably away from from becoming an professional.

Source: http://gosselinfiat.com/accounting/selecting-the-best-health-and-fitness-center-for-y/

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Facebook Distractions, Ereader Organizers, and Beer Bottles

By Whitson Gordon

Readers offer their best tips for staying off Facebook, organizing your many ereaders, and opening beer bottles.

Every day we receive boatloads of great reader tips in our inbox, but for various reasons?maybe they?re a bit too niche, maybe we couldn?t find a good way to present it, or maybe we just couldn?t fit it in?the tip didn?t make the front page. From the Tips Box is where we round up some of our favorites for your buffet-style consumption. Got a tip of your own to share? Email it to us at tips at lifehacker.com.

Force Yourself to Manually Log Into Distracting Sites

Tom Hayford tell us how he kicked his Facebook addiction:

I got a new computer recently and realized that it was a lot easier to stay off of Facebook. Why? Because I hadn?t checked the box ??Keep me logged in?. With browser address auto complete, all I would have to type to start surfing Facebook was F+Enter. Now I get greeted with the login screen and am given one last chance to make the right decision to get back to work.

I?m going to de-select that option for all the other services I use, too. As an added measure, actually logging off of a service will help too if you keep your browser open. Really simple fix.

If you use a password manager, be sure to turn off auto-login on that as well.

Organize Tablets and Ereaders with an Inexpensive Media Stand

Amida finds a better way to store all those ereaders:

How we went from zero ereaders to a good half dozen in less than a year, I don?t know. But the fact is, they are a mess to keep and their untidy pile on top of the shelf had to be dealt with.
Much as I would love to take credit for this one, it?s actually my husband?s idea.?He came home the other day with this little $1.50 media stand. It was meant for keeping together CDs, DVDs, and books, so ebooks weren?t a big stretch.
It?s actually pretty awesome in its simplicity. Now we can just grab a whole library off the shelf when we need a good read.

Open Beer Bottles with a Stable Remover

David Grossman shares yet another clever trick for opening bottles:

My office often has beer parties and we always forget to bring a bottle opener.? I usally have one, but did not today.? Looked around and found a staple remover, put the teeth under one of the exposed creased of the cap, and in a pull or three, it came off.? For office dwelling beer drinkers, this is a nice trick to know.?

Use Tape to Record Loud Events with a Smartphone

Carl Eklof lets us know a trick for recording audio on a smartphone:

Problem: Recording anything loud such as band practice, or shooting video of a concert sounds like the mic is getting flushed down a toilet. No amount of post-processing can fix this because the raw data is junk. My iPhone literally cuts out when recording band practice.
A phone mic was designed and tuned to record a person?s normal speaking voice, which is not very loud (~60db at 3 ?, ~80db at the close-range of a phone at someone?s ear).

There are lots of aftermarket microphones out there. Many have a sensitivity control (in-line variable resistor). Many also provide stereo recording which is nice. But the add-on microphones cost money, take up space, can be damaged, and you have to have it with you.

Solution: Simply cover the microphone input with a piece of tape.

Different kinds of tape (ie Scotch, duct) will dampen the sound to different degrees, but in my experience any kind of tape will prevent the mic from clipping (clipping is the technical term for when you get signal loss due to an input signal being beyond the sensitivity range).

Note: Make sure you completely cover the mic input, even a small wrinkle can let in enough pressure to saturate the mic.

Photo by avlxyz.

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/ZE3lwQXMnlE/34730168708

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South Korea loosens laws to boost investment in - Online Gambling ...

Steven Stradbrooke
October 31, 2012
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south-korea-8city-destination-casinoIn order to snare a bigger slice of the Asian casino pie, South Korea is embarking on a mammoth leisure and gaming destination project in Incheon city, just west of the capital Seoul. If anyone doubted to whom the project was intended to appeal, the project will operate under the name 8City and will even be shaped like the number 8, which is considered a fortunate number in China. 8City will be built on Yongyu-Muui Island near Incheon International Airport and will eventually cover 80 square kilometers ? more than three times the size of Macau, the region?s number one gambling enclave. In addition to casinos, 8City will offer hotels, retail shops, theme parks, ski slopes, a marina and a Formula 1 racetrack.

Developer EightCity Co. says initial construction is expected to start next year. EightCity?s shareholders, which include hotel operator Kempinski AG, Korean Air Lines and Daewoo Engineering and Construction., hope the project will attract up to $290b (US) in investment by the time it?s fully developed in 2030, along with 134m visitors per year. EightCity vice-chairman Park Seong-Hyun says the project has already secured $2.8b from local investors and a further $1b from Britain?s Sanbar Development Corp.

South Korea has 17 casinos, only one of which (Kangwon Land) permits locals to gamble. South Korea has long desired to ramp up its casino business, but financial regulations made many foreign investors skittish about taking the plunge. Travel Daily News Asia reports that on September 18, the government announced revisions to laws surrounding free economic zones (FEZ) that dramatically lowered the bar for investors. Gone is the requirement to make an upfront outlay of US $300m before one could even apply for a gaming permit, replaced by a $50m upfront investment, with a requirement to spend (at least) a further $450m within four years of receiving a gaming permit. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism is promising to process license applications within 60-90 days.

Foreign investors must still hold a credit rating of BBB or higher and have equity capital equal to at least 10% of the project?s total cost. But whereas the previous regulations required investors to have realized a net profit in at least two of three previous years and maintain a debt ratio less than 150% of the industry average, companies will now have to meet only one of those two requirements. We like to think of this as the Caesars Entertainment clause, since the debt-laden and profit-free casino firm has already expressed keen interest in the Incheon project, as has Universal Entertainment honcho Kazuo Okada (who is also building a casino in Manila?s Entertainment City project).

Of course, South Korea is hardly alone in its desire to lure throngs of free-spending Chinese gamblers into its gaming dens. Macau, the Philippines, Australia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Russia, Laos, Cambodia ? hell, even Las Vegas ? are all competing for the same customers. While Sheldon Adelson is of the opinion that the Asian market won?t be satisfied in our lifetime, history suggests that all booms eventually bust. Thankfully, a Chinese think tank has ridden to the rescue. The China Development Research Foundation says its time China ended its controversial three-decade-old one-child policy and allow Chinese families in certain provinces to have two children by 2015, with the revision applying to the entire country by 2020. At that rate, the first wave of this new generation will be eligible to visit 8City just six years after it?s completed. Ah, synergy?

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Views and opinions expressed are those of the Author and do not necessarily reflect those of CalvinAyre.com

Source: http://calvinayre.com/2012/10/31/casino/south-korea-loosens-laws-to-boost-investment-in-8city-destination-casino-project/

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Scientists create 'endless supply' of myelin-forming cells

ScienceDaily (Nov. 1, 2012) ? In a new study appearing this month in the Journal of Neuroscience, researchers have unlocked the complex cellular mechanics that instruct specific brain cells to continue to divide. This discovery overcomes a significant technical hurdle to potential human stem cell therapies; ensuring that an abundant supply of cells is available to study and ultimately treat people with diseases.

"One of the major factors that will determine the viability of stem cell therapies is access to a safe and reliable supply of cells," said University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) neurologist Steve Goldman, M.D., Ph.D., lead author of the study. "This study demonstrates that -- in the case of certain populations of brain cells -- we now understand the cell biology and the mechanisms necessary to control cell division and generate an almost endless supply of cells."

The study focuses on cells called glial progenitor cells (GPCs) that are found in the white matter of the human brain. These stem cells give rise to two cells found in the central nervous system: oligodendrocytes, which produce myelin, the fatty tissue that insulates the connections between cells; and astrocytes, cells that are critical to the health and signaling function of oligodendrocytes as well as neurons.

Damage to myelin lies at the root of a long list of diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and a family of deadly childhood diseases called pediatric leukodystrophies. The scientific community believes that regenerative medicine -- in the form of cell transplantation -- holds great promise for treating myelin disorders. Goldman and his colleagues, for example, have demonstrated in numerous animal model studies that transplanted GPCs can proliferate in the brain and repair damaged myelin.

However, one of the barriers to moving forward with human treatments for myelin disease has been the difficulty of creating a plentiful supply of necessary cells, in this case GPCs. Scientists have been successful at getting these cells to divide and multiply in the lab, but only for limited periods of time, resulting in the generation of limited numbers of usable cells.

"After a period of time, the cells stop dividing or, more typically, begin to specialize and form astrocytes which are not useful for myelin repair," said Goldman. "These cells could go either way but they essentially choose the wrong direction."

Overcoming this problem required that Goldman's lab master the precise chemical symphony that occurs within stem cells, and which instructs them when to divide and multiply, and when to stop this process and become oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.

One of the key players in cell division is a protein called beta-catenin. Beta-catenin is regulated by another protein in the cell called glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B). GSK3B is responsible for altering beta-catenin by adding an additional phosphate molecule to its structure, essentially giving it a barcode that the cell then uses to sort the protein and send it off to be destroyed. During development, when cell division is necessary, this process is interrupted by another signal that blocks GSK3B. When this occurs, the beta-catenin protein is spared destruction and eventually makes its way to the cell's nucleus where it starts a chemical chain reaction that ultimately instructs the cell to divide. However, after a period of time this process slows and, instead of replicating, the cells begin to then commit to becoming one type or another. The challenge for scientists was to find another way to essentially trick these cells into continuing to divide, and to do so without risking the uncontrolled growth that could otherwise result in tumor formation.

The new discovery hinges on a receptor called protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta (PTPRZ1). Goldman and his team long suspected that PTPRZ1 played an important role in cell division; the receptor shows up prominently in molecular profiles of GPCs. After a six-year effort to discern the receptor's function, they found that it works in concert with GSK3B and helps "label" beta-catenin protein for either destruction or nuclear activity. The breakthrough was the identification of a molecule -- called pleiotrophin -- that essentially blocks the function of the PTPRZ1 receptor. They found that by regulating the levels of pleiotrophin, they were able to essentially "short circuit" PTPRZ1's normal influence on cell division, allowing the cells to continue dividing.

While the experiments were performed on cells derived from human brain tissue, the authors contend that the same process could also be applied to GPCs derived from embryos or from "reprogrammed" skin cells. This would greatly expand the number of cells potentially derived from single patient samples, whether for transplantation back to those same individuals or for use in other patients.

Additional authors on the paper include its first author, URMC graduate student Crystal McClain, Ph.D., and Fraser Sim, Ph.D., a member of Goldman's lab and now an assistant professor at the University at Buffalo. The study was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Department of Defense, the Adelson Medical Research Foundation, and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Rochester Medical Center.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. C. R. McClain, F. J. Sim, S. A. Goldman. Pleiotrophin Suppression of Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-?/? Maintains the Self-Renewal Competence of Fetal Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. Journal of Neuroscience, 2012; 32 (43): 15066 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1320-12.2012

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/nx6kk2HDd40/121101111218.htm

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